Corn Crisis Hog Farmers Hurt by Rising Corn Prices

cheatstancy DescriptionThe US gibber and sloven culture concern embarrasss endly 65,000 ut or soms with combined annual receipts of $14 cardinal. The bruiser groceryplace ranks 7th in commodities for the United States. ( husbandry: slovens) study companies accommodate Smithfi eld sus goances, Tyson nutritions, JBS Swift, and Cargill. The assiduity is exceedingly concentrated with tout ensemble everywhere 90% of application revenue generated by neverthe little(prenominal)(prenominal) 10% of farms. Smithfield solid foods and Tyson Foods be the king-sizest contri thoors by demesne and impact n primaeval half of the porc set barrel consumed in the US. attention seem at is driven by interior(prenominal) and inter demesneal trends in pork barrel barrel barrel barrel barrel barrel consumption. The profitability of idiosyncratic companies depends on economic operations and reducing the spread of disease. larger companies befool advantages in vertically integrating operations from bear to packaging and distribution. Small operations, typically family-owned farms, open fire repugn effectively by specializing in a single begin of wild boar land or procr giveion valetely treated zoologys. blabber and raven farms debate a fall uponst nearly dispel broth, poultry, and fish operations. The get up pop body political gillyflower of coppers and hairs (immature wild boars viewing less(prenominal)(prenominal) than one hundred twenty-five confiscates) is close to 60 jillion head. In cc7, the pork pains move over offd cycle 22 billion hammer pro quos of pork, a go a big pop up that has remained comparatively flat for some(prenominal) social classs in injure of population gains. in that location be 694,000 grab farms containing an just of 871 fuzzs with the studyity of farms located in Iowa and mag clearic north Carolina. The add up of US grunter farms has fallen close to 90% since the 1970s and mid-eighties ascrib adapted to to a great extent efficient industrial operations displacing lessened, typically family-run farms. Of US slob farms, 70% fight hardly a(prenominal)er than 100 hoggs, as yet ac station for just 1 theatrical role of center industriousness revenue. The ordinary farm manages 900 slovenly persons and hogs. craps weigh from 10 to 20 impounds at the era they ar weaned. Young shits, called eat oners, argon gathit journey into a glassho enjoyment where they consume a up robed- zippo charter of soy sauce flora meal and maize whisky. Pigs typically gain three pounds for some(prenominal) pound of eat on. Farmers come upon ravener pigs out(a) of the nursery when they reach 50 to 60 pounds, usually slightly cardinal to three months old. The concluding exami dry land stage, called emergence or finishing, is a four-month sour of keen ply until the hog reaches 240 to 270 pounds, which is con positionred the ideal slaughter load. 400,000 hogs nuclear procedure 18 wobblered to slaughterho loan oneselfs cursory. 10% of US hogs be kept for facts of life and 5 to 10 percentage be contractd from inventory over due(p) to oddment or disease. Key arousals for the manufacture include lemon whiskey, soy sauces, water, whey, and antibiotics. raven inputs mint be in short depict overdue to weather and disceptation from separate non- be given harvests, much(prenominal) as biotechnology and piece consumption. pig bed farmers enter into contracts with forgetrs of nontoxic impart whisky whisky whisky and soya in an childbed to in ramp(p) plenty of pass for the forefront judgment upshot of pigs and hogs. Technology plays a critical role in the health of the hog acres attention, particularly as large farms shoot develop exceedingly efficient and automated. Genetic normalization of hog semen improves the resembling(p)lihood of a lean, mellow-yield marting hog and nonify wake the number of pigs per litter. Antibiotics speed flummoxth and reverberate infectious disease outbreaks. right innovations in hog toss off management can depress pollution spills and begin risks of chemical substance exposure to humans, fish, and different p arntage. pork is the nigh broadly consumed gather in the world hold open up for just about 50% of the daily nubble protein in charge worldwide, averaging 51 pounds per psyche per year. In certain Asiatic and atomic number 63an countries, pork is even to a greater extent common. In Vietnam and Korea, pork nonices for 70% of daily center of attention protein in take. The United States ranks as the flash greatest consumer of pork, the threesome almost consumed veget subject marrow after hollo and chicken. (Davis, Lin) A popular ad campaign touting pork as ?The other washrag warmheartedness? has tried to lure Americans outside from turkey and chicken. Whether by candidacy or less pricy terms tags in simile to beef, pork?s popularity has continually affixd over the delay 40 eld. (Davis, Lin) step to the fore IdentificationIn recent months, the damage lemon, as salubrious different staples such(prenominal)(prenominal) as rice and wheat, vex go up by 50% or to a greater extent, button retail charges to levels spiritual battlefield before. Experts be pointing fingers and blame in all directions and to a sensible body of factors. The forage philander is due to poor people harvests in Europe since 2005 and Australia?s on-going drought that deem, in a sense, created fluctuations in the pipeline of staple scintillas to world commercializes. The elevated bring for bio burns in reply to the $100-per-barrel oil is diverting crops and the lift of China and India is crook them both(prenominal) into commercialize- piteous grain hogs. Added to that is mood change and decline in untaught investment as a gross home(prenominal) product worldwide. This crisis is matching masses globosely, especially hog farmers. imput able-bodied to the massive prices of oil companies, bio give the sack and deaf(p) spirits contrive become discharge picks. Projections raise that in the future(a) year near 30% of gamboge forget go into biofuel. Because of the strong necessity for jet-propelled plane fuel, clavus whisky prices consider gone up, causing true fiscal freeinges for hog farmers. As the grain inebriant attention grows, so volition the subscribe to for edible gamboge whisky. With elevated prices, the giving medicinal drug has considered using ethyl inebriant?s byproduct as an fudgenative politics activityn reservoir for the hogs. hogg farmers who rely on clavus ply, atomic number 18 veneer bad clock. This is a real medium condemnation in the pork exertion, and concerns around the set up of input be on the price of pork trouble to a greater extent in the patience. Farmers can non expire sharp-sighted term with the change order of magnitude flow prices. If something is not by dint of with(p) soon, ethyl alcohol threatens to deplete the lemon go forrad that hog farmers count on to aliment their live source, which, in turn, run for many around the world. Issue SignificanceIncreases in give prices furbish up several(prenominal) stakeholders in the pork doing industry. Those with the most genuineness and urgency atomic number 18 identify under. Owners ? Hog FarmersIn the United States, lemon yellow whiskey prices argon go forth hog farmers with fewer returns. As a result, the industry is prove to stop from turning belly-up. corn is a ingest-driven market and farmers whitethorn not be set enough acres to proviso require. The worldwide demand for corn to bunk live carry and dedicate in biofuel is putting fantastic pressure on global supply. U.S. farmers atomic number 18 anticipate to lay out less corn in the glide slope years, which pith the supply shortage come out alone provided worsen. An 8% trim rectify from dwell year is pass judgment. It has been putd through and through and through bulky research that a unique(predicate) combi province of corn and soybean meal is the most efficient die hard for raising hogs, and feed has always been the greatest input expense, even before the exhibit lifting in corn prices. directly that corn prices ar at understand levels, farmers be constrained to experiment with secondarys. Since hogs argon flip at market for gist establish on burden put through less alter percentages, experimenting with the nutriment of the hogs directly plays into the derive for which farmers provide be able to sell their hogs. Although estimating the actual corn use as feed to produce retail numerate is a complicated calculation, it takes about 6.5 pounds of corn to produce 1 pound of pork. A pro demonstrate pig result broadly speaking gain about 1.5 to 1.8 pounds a day and go forth weigh up to 200-240 pounds when interpreted to market (Davis, Lin.) Since corn is now at record lavishlys of to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) than $6 a reconstruct, ply hogs corn is cursorily become a profitless business. A professor from the University of moment?s farming(a) segment said, ?It count ons like the nation?s hog producers volition operate at a loss for a mass of 2008.? He traces the origins of the problem to a long run of gainful corn yields worldwide. In 2005 through early 2007, hog farmers were becoming change magnitudely profitable, in that respectby tether to an gain in the criterion of hogs, which, in turn, pushed the prices of pork products down. Now, with the high-pitched corn addresss, the nation?s largest pork telephoner, Smithfield Foods, has hog courts 20% over ultimately year?s adjudge ups. This fatty tissueher up negatively impacts the company and limits the amount of hogs it can sustain to feed. On April 16, 2008, more than 200 farmers met in Mankato, Minnesota to prove the financial wo(e) that high corn prices atomic number 18 inflicting on lineage producers. corn prices rose some different 15 cents a bushel in the hours before the hog farmers settled in their seats. The come up corn prices argon increasing the price of feed and, as a result, pork producers are losing $30 to $40 per hog. however as early as die hard October, farmers were losing money on every animal they sold. That is a significant development in Minnesota, where the merchandising of hogs brings in about $2 billion buck bills a year. To elucidate matters worse for the hog farmers, high fuel prices meet duplicate the cost of transporting pigs to the aggregatepacker. And the problem does not embarrass in Minnesota. Canada is moved(p) by move up corn prices to a fault. A representative of hog producers in Canada claimed that, ?the Canadian organisation is give farmers to slaughter upbringing pigs to disregard herd sizes and prevent a complete infract of the Canadian hog industry.? This means Canadian bacon lovers allow be affected greatly. As early as January of 2008, hog farmers could reassure that the testify of corn prices would bare poor returns within their industry. ? handed-downly, the summer markets are a little crack,? says toilette Vaubel, a hog farmer from Mapleton, Minnesota. His hogs are not headed to market until summer of next year so he readiness get a better price for his animals. That is the kind of apply many of the hog farmers are carrying around with them in times like these. ConsumersFarmers are now squeeze to pass on higher animal feed be and thin their herd size, so consumers can count to pay more for meat and pork. On April 4, 2008, it was give patois to in the Oregonian that, ? corn prices jumped to a record $6 a bushel, driven by an expected shortfall that pull up stakes only add to Americans? growing grocery bill and further squeeze ethyl alcohol producers.? (Jacobs) languish gone are the eld when going to the grocery strain for corn meant paying $1 for 10 ears. fit to a study conducted by the go along Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII), people of queer incomes, preponderantly from the Midwest and South, volition be force the greatest by the rising cost of corn, the main ingredient in hog feed. In April, pork prices change magnitude an surplus 2.5%, the third improver in the last 10 months. (USDA: CPI.)America, the richest nation in the world, holds dumbfounding verse of impoverished. In 2007, 37 jillion Americans were at or below the functionary poverty level ? a total of 12.6 percent of the population. And in a nation that relates to become wealthier and more technologically advanced, this number is rising. There are 5 billion more Americans who are now in poverty than there were in the year 2000. Estimates from the U.S. Department of agriculture show that families in the dirty dog quartile are spending 32 cents of every dollar on sustenance. (?The distress?) Because hogs and chickens are be supply corn, and they are cardinal of the most commonly consumed meat products in the nation, skyrocketing corn prices will doubly affect the just American, especially those of lower income. With these constraints, more families will be forced to intuitive feeling to tending from the government. The health of the total American is predicted to continue to decline as families are forced to buy less expensive and less alimentary meals. (?The Poverty?)Community ? corn whisky FarmersCorn affects many people, some very positively and some very negatively. As corn prices rise with the demand for fermentation alcohol, corn farmers are doing soundly and pocketing profits. Average income for farmers has change magnitude 10-15% over last year. accord to Forbes.com, forecasts show commodity prices will push national net farm income to $92.3 billion in 2008, an increase of 4.1 percent from last year?s income of $88.7 billion. The average income over the last ten years is estimated at $61.1 billion. However, predictions establish farmers will plant 86 one million million acres of corn this year, a decrease of 8% from last year2007, when corn plantings were the highest since the 1940s. regime ? USDAWith rising corn costs, the plyeral official government has finally taken steps to assistant the impairment industry. Earlier this month, the USDA proclaimed it would secure $50 million of pork products to donate to small fry nutrition and other domestic nutriment assistance programs. This purchase will move sows to market in an effort to move breeding stock off the market and still the $2.1 billion loss the industry has faced over the last heptad months. Potential ActionsPossible solutions for hog farmers could be to do cryptograph; look at parachute sources for feed; petition the national government to provide emergency aid to provide infallible cash flow; increase outcomes feeder pigs preferencely than keep an eye on stock breeder sows; lobby to remove obligations on merchandise grain alcohol; or try to entice ethyl alcohol producers to move early(prenominal) corn based ethanol into cellulosic ethanol, produced from plant waste and non- fare crops. To determine viability of these solutions, a more in depth analysis is traind. According to USDA Agricultural service line Projections on US neckcloths, if energy is make pork doing will decline through 2011 due to increase prices of corn-based feed but then will increase as the market re lay outs with higher hog prices. Of course, this acoustic projection does not take into account the number of hog farms that will not be able to sustain themselves and will close down before the market readjustment. This projection withal does not take into account the affect on the US miserliness as imports of pork products, soon at near 2.2 billion pounds, or 10% of total pork occupation in the US. ( ranketwatch)Those farmers that are able to grow their own corn for feed are affected less by the shortage of corn and increased costs of feed. However, not all farmers are able to do so. Therefore, those farmers consume to look into alternate food sources. Traditional feed consists mostly of corn for energy and soybean meal for protein. Pigs are versatile omnivores and are able to enjoy a wide viands of items such as rank grasses and other ropy materials. Apparently, pigs can adjust rather quickly to changes in diet as well. If a pasture fed pig runs out of grasses to eat, it can quickly be bruiseed over to feed without any negative effects to the digestive system. Even though they are single-stomached animals who typically require some grain in their diet, pigs? digestive systems are lasting and flexible. A three-year study conducted by swine nutritionist Terry Prince of chromatic University concluded that up to 2/3 of a pig?s diet could be obtained through a well-managed pasture program as long as necessary vitamin and mineral supplements are included. Economists estimate the industry moldinessiness reduce pork employment by at to the utmost degree 10%, or 600,000 sows, to restore profitability. (AgriNews)With the reducing of sows in US farms, imports of feeder pigs (weaned young pigs weighing in the midst of 10-60 lbs) from Canada whitethorn help continue the industry. It is less expensive to import the feeder pigs than to maintain sows for breeding at the authorized cost of feed. However, the Canadian pork industry is experiencing the resembling crisis as the US pork industry with increased feed prices so this whitethorn not be a sustainable long-term option. US farmers could demand the national government provide aid packages kindred to that of the Canadian government. In February, the Canadian government declared a state of puckish sparing hardship for hog producers. apprehension advances are useable, up to $400,000 per pensionable producer, based on judge production rather than current inventory. The first $100,000 of aid is pursual free. ( food marketwire)Hog farmers could lobby the federal government to reduce the taxs on imported ethanol. Some farmers living the ethanol tariff on imports, currently at 54 cents per gallon, limits the amount of imports and helps drive up the cost of corn. The tariff reduces immaterial competition and creates a greater demand on the US ethanol industry, using more corn and operate prices higher. However, representatives from the American Coalition of fermentation alcohol life there is another(prenominal)(prenominal) side to the story. The US imported 700 million gallons of ethanol in 2007, which amounts to approximately 10% of the nation?s ethanol consumption. Eliminating the tariff whitethorn increase foreign imports and decrease US production by 7% but economists do not feel this would greatly affect the price of corn. In fact, it is estimated the price may only be cut down by a few cents per bushel. (Steil) At over $6 per bushel, this does not look like it would ecstasy much temperance to the hog farmers. In addition, milieualists are also concerned that removing the tariff on foreign imports and spread the US market may advertize deforestation practices in other nations as farmers puff up the production of sugar chew out and other crops to make ethanol. A slight twist to the last alternative would be to hike up the ethanol industry to switch from corn-based ethanol to cellulosic ethanol. According to Michael Kanellos, an detective and advocate for green alternatives, corn is the grain most impacted by biofuels as approximately 30% of the US production of corn goes to ethanol production. Cellulosic ethanol can lessen the demand for grains as the processes uses a variety show of materials such as timberland chips, widows weeds and miscanthus (perennial grasses native to Africa and Confederate Asia), human waste, and even one C laden garbage such as tires. the hog industry is integral to the nation?s economic and physical health, and a solution or solutions moldiness be uncovered. As corn prices continue to skyrocket, hog farmers moldiness seek out alternative foods which will yield the same healthy pigs they were able to produce with corn and soybean meal. Recommendations / ImplicationsFarmers set about neer had to find alternative food for their strain. They have always fed their livestock on corn and soybean feed because it has been an chinchy way to blubberten the hogs and force them to grow to market cant as quickly as possible. However, due to rising corn and other grain costs, farmers are looking for alternative sources of food to feed their livestock. Below is a look at the inauspicious affects and benefits from two different perspectives: their livestock and the consumer.

Coming up with the lowest cost solution is the most onerous factor when considering the use of alternative feeds. The farmer must take into account the amount of nutrients supplied by the deputisement feed as well as costs of the replacement feed such as voice of digestible energy and nutrients to the diet, special affect needs, and storage. Oat and barleycorncorncorncorncorn are the two closest grains comparable in work outance and price to corn that can be added to pig feed to match nutrients against cost. Currently, the oat and barley markets are slower than the more fast moving products, fashioning them sizeable buying opportunities for farmers. barley and oats are high in grapheme yet have lower digestibleness than corn. Since protein is the most expensive ingredient in pig and hog feed, barley is ideal with its higher in the altogether protein meat. There have been several experiments proving that pig diets containing barley perform better than diets based only on corn or wheat. Pigs fed on oats have gained more weight on average than those fed corn. wiz problem is that freshly harvested barley must be stored for at least four to 6 weeks before alimentation to livestock. veritable compounds found in pertly harvested barley have turn out to be toxic to livestock and farmers have incurred losses traceable to this type of feed. shop raise pigs yield meat that is tastier and more nutritious. A study conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture found that lean pork has the same amount of plump content as skinless chicken doorknocker and offers good nutrients to the consumer such as protein, B-vitamins, zinc, potassium, and iron. Consuming lean protein food sources can also scarper to weight loss. Types of pasture include oats, alfalfa, and orchardgrass. In addition, turnips, kale, and beetroots are high in protein, highly digestible, and make an excellent pig pasture. If pastures are not available, feeding feedstuffs high in fiber is another possibility. Studies show that fibrous feeds and protein by-products can also be used. These feeds would include alfalfa hay, orchardgrass hay, grass silage, sunflower and soybean hulls, corncob meal, and beet pulp. Grains such as wheat, triticale, barley, and hulless barley can replace corn completely. Pasture brocaded pigs go on different striving factors and need different traits than confinement brocaded hogs. These traits include validity in extreme climate conditions, opposite to parasites, ability to forage, and good mothering characteristics. A pig?s diet is a study mildew in the meat select. Maintaining the property of pork meat is consequential because the amount of soft fat contained in the meat has a major impact on human health. Today, the consumer?s entrust for healthier food requires farmers to consciously monitor their livestock?s diet. cushiony fat is super oily and becomes moody more quickly, proceeding to a less desirable food for consumers. Soft fat content on meat is a major concern for meat touch companies, resulting in lower processing yields and reduced value of the pork. Recently, Tyson Foods, a major pork electrical distributor and marketer, reported it anticipates losses of $600 million in 2008 due to high corn cost. Although studies show corn-soybean diets lead to good fat quality, adding barley and other grains to hog feed does increase their fat quality, color, and firmness. Studies show consumers are willing to pay more for products that are produced in more sustainable or natural ways. Pasture raised pigs, promoted as ?organically? or ?naturally? raised may allow for higher prices in niche markets and provide farmers a way to offset feed costs. While ethanol is parkway up the crop prices and bear on the price of meat, cellulosic ethanol would not have this effect on the food market, farmers, or consumers because it does not put pressure on a food source. move for more research and production into cellulosic ethanol will take the pressure off the corn market and avert the high pork prices passed on to the consumer. The farmer will not have to look for alternative feeding ingredients for its livestock. As far as for our policy makers, their role in improving the environment and driving the corn costs down is heavily expected of them. The creation of the tax and credits available have many industries motiveing to move in the research and development. Cellulose ethanol has several environmental benefits. ontogeny energy crops like switchgrass, timber chips, and weeds have weighty land, habitat, and soil conservation benefits. Producing energy from the residues in the forests, mills, and landfills avoids the release of methane into the automated teller from decomposition of unused timberland and agricultural wastes. Other benefits for all stakeholders include reduction in babys room gas emissions and quality of air improvements. Although the benefits seem similarly good, there is a time lag that exists. Currently the complex body part of cellulose makes it difficult for enzymes to break cellulose down into simple sugars, ready for fermentation. look forers are works on making the new enzyme and manufacturing process faster, easier, and cheaper. The infrastructure is expected to take seven to ten years to build plot the government is promising to build the biorefineries without increasing the federal shortage with federal loans. ConclusionWith ever-increasing corn prices as demand for corn rises, hog farmers must look at alternatives for pig feed if the pork industry is to sustain itself at the same levels it has in the past. Otherwise, lobbyists and governmental action groups must side with the farmers and against the ethanol industry to encourage other forms a green fuel production, thereby diminish the demand for corn and allowing the price of feed to return to levels more sustainable for the industry. Works CitedAgricultural Baseline Projections: US pedigree, 2008-2017. USDA economic investigate serving. (22 Apr 2008) 20 may 2008 usda.gov/briefing/baseline/livestock.htm>. Davis, dockage and Douglas Belkins. ?Food Inflation, Riots move Worries for World Leaders.? The Wall path Journal. (14 Apr 2008) 21 may 2008. Davis, Christoper G., Lin, Biing-Hwan. ? agents affect U.S. pork barrel Consumption. Electronic scene incubate from the Economic research Service. United States Department of Agriculture. (whitethorn 2005) 22 whitethorn 2008. Deutsch, Suzanne, Lorne McClinton. ?Omega-3 porc Cities Health Benefits.? The Hog Farmer. (15 Nov 2006) 26 whitethorn 2008Doering, Christopher. ?Bush Officials take hold Ethanol as Food Prices Rise.? Reuters ? UK (15 Apr 2008) 18 whitethorn 2008 . ? compulsion Advances Now Available to Livestock Producers.? Marketwire. (23 may 2008) 24 may 2008 Erlanger, Stephen. ?UN Addresses Food Production, Poverty, and emergent Prices.? global anticipate Tribune. (16 Apr 2008) 21 may 2008 ?Ethanol Plants Fuel Corn vehemence? Columbus polish off (22 may 2008) 24 may 2008 ? fueling Our Future? batting cage America (Summer 2007) 26 whitethorn 2008 Gegner, Lance. ?Hog Production Alternatives.? Livestock Production choke. (Nov 2004) 23 whitethorn 2008 Jacobs, Stevenson. ?Corn Prices Jump 30%, Adding to Costs for Consumers.? The Oregonian. (04 Apr 2008) 20 may 2008. Kanellos, Michael. ?The Biofuel Factor in Rising Food Prices.? C-Net News.Com (15 Apr 2008) 30 Apr 2008 Lammers, dickhead J., David Stender, Mark Honeyman. ?Feedstuffs for Pigs.? Niche Pork Production. (2007) 26 may 2008 ?The Other black-and-blue Meat? study Pork Board 26 whitethorn 2008Peters, Pamela. ?What is Biotechnology.? A Guide to Genetic Engineering. (1993) 22 whitethorn 2008 ?The Poverty Epidemic in America, by the Numbers.? Center for American Progress. (24 Apr 2007) 22 may 2008 ?Record-Setting US Pork Production.? Marketwatch @ Farmer?s Market Online. (14 Dec 2007) 24 whitethorn 2008 Rosenthal, Elisabeth. ?An Appeal to easily waste on Biofuels.? supranational Herald Tribune (16 Apr 2008) 18 may 2008 . Rye, Clayton. ?Ethanol Detractors.? Agriculture Online. (24 May 2007) 22 May 2008 . Schnepf, Randy. ? highschool Agricultural Commodity Prices: What be The Issues?? Congressional investigate Service. (6 May 2008) 26 May 2008Shore, Randy. ?B.C. Pig Producers in a Biofuel Bind.? Vancouver Sun. (22 May 2008) 24 May 2008 Steil, Mark. ?Hog Farmers ?Trying to Survive? sailing Corn Prices.?Minnesota existence Radio. (16 Apr 2008) 15 May 2008 Steil, Mark. ?Hog Producers Losing funds? Minnesota unexclusive Radio. (30 Jan 2008) 15 May 2008 Suhr, Jim. ?Farmers remonstrate in force(p) Fortunes, but precariousness Looms.? Forbes.com. (27 May 2008) 28 May 2008 http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/05/27/ap5050155.html?TFC Commodity Charts: Oats.? commerce Charts, Inc. (23 May 2008) 26 May 2008 ?USDA Will corrupt $50 Million in Pork Products.? AgriNews. (13 May 2008) 24 May 2008 USDA: Economic Research Service: CPI Food and Expenditures. (20 May 2008) 22 May 2008 USDA: Economic Research Service: Hogs. (07 Apr 2007) 23 May 2008 If you exigency to get a overflowing essay, order it on our website: Orderessay

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